2013 年 07 月 19 日 , , , , , ,

本週美國各大媒體都有報導的一件事,就是四年一度的美國童軍大露營,今年開始規定BMI指數超過40的人不得參加,32到39.9之間的必須提出自 己的醫療資訊以供審核。美國童軍組織表示提倡健康的身心是他們的宗旨之一,而且也必須考量參加野外露營活動的安全性。不知道美國胖童軍是否會因此控告童軍 組織歧視,因為最近兩項研究都說明光是父親吃多了就可能生出胖小孩,有肥胖基因的人對高熱量食物的誘惑簡直不堪一擊。

胖童軍不要來

2013年美國童軍大露營(2013 National Scout jamboree) 預估有3萬人參加,工作人員約7000人,訪客也將達5000人,為期10天的野外活動在西維吉尼亞州一處山上舉行,包含許多「高度探險活動」,例如泛 舟、攀岩、抱石(bouldering)、滑板、山地自行車、小輪車(BMX riding)、滑翔、4.8公里爬山遠足與900公尺溜索(zip line)。

2013 jamboree 01
(圖片來源: 2013 National Scout jamboree)

想必這是美國文化中的盛事,因為不但活動規模龐大,從1937年第一次舉辦以來共有七位美國總統曾蒞臨現場,因此今年主辦單位訂出了BMI指標做為參加門 檻,雖然強調這是為了促使大眾更加注意自己的健康,也是為了避免在活動中受傷,但還是引起不少討論,有專家便表示與其禁止他們參加,不如調整項目或標準, 讓超重的人有戶外活動的機會,讓他們得以朝向健康的生活邁進。

2013 jamboree 02
(圖片來源: 2013 National Scout jamboree)

胖童軍:都是老爸害的

BMI 指數40以上其實已經算是很重的,美國童軍組織的考量並非沒有道理,不過他們的決定想必會引很多胖童軍的抗議,而且他們現在有更多理由了。澳洲阿德雷德大 學(University of Adelaide)的一組研究團隊發表報告顯示,肥的公小鼠精子中有「分子證據」說明肥胖或其他代謝疾病可以傳給兒輩與孫輩,但效應遞減。研究報告主筆人 Tod Fullston表示,一個父親的飲食習慣會改變他的精子裡微RNA(microRNA)的組成,從而影響胚胎的形成,造成日後的肥胖或可能的代謝疾病。

Sperm_stained
(圖片來源: Wikimedia Commons)

這項研究刊載於最新一期的「美國實驗生物學聯會期刊」(The FASEB Journal),指出對女性後代而言有較多變胖的機會,而不論男女,演變成類似第二型糖尿病的代謝疾病的機率也有增加,即使胖的公小鼠並沒有顯現任何糖尿病的徵兆。

Tod Fullston認為,如果在人體內也發生這些小鼠身上的實驗結果,代表我們還有一個尚未開啟的兒童肥胖研究領域;過往對於胎兒的健康,大家總是關心負責懷孕的母親的身體狀況,如今,對於父親的飲食習慣與運動等等方面,也許同樣不能輕忽。

被害的經過

除了每個胖子的父親可能從此脫不了關係外,另一項研究則對FTO這個肥胖基因在人體內的運作過程有了更多瞭解。FTO是2007年幾項研究發現的肥胖危險因子,父母雙方都可能遺傳給下一代,擁有這種基因的人不但吃的比沒有基因的人多,平均體重也多3公斤。

但在那之後,對於FTO基因的運作方式一直沒有找到答案。最新一期的「臨床研究期刊」(Journal of Clinical Investigation)刊載了一份倫敦大學學院(University College London)的研究,驚人地指出,就算你吃飽了,FTO基因讓你更想吃東西,尤其是高熱量食物。因為FTO產生一種促進飲食的激素,讓人即使吃飽了,仍會感到饑餓。

Rachel Batterham的研究團隊找來359位正常體重的歐洲男人,其中有45人是同時從父母遺傳了FTO的高危險群,其他則沒有。研究團隊特別注意排除了一 些其他可能影響實驗的因素,例如教育程度。他們從中各選10人,在一次標準用餐的前後,分別問他們感到饑餓的程度。結果高危險群在餐後,覺得饑餓的程度與 血液中的促食激素都比其他人高。

下視丘也是幫凶

接著研究團隊讓另外24人在用餐前後,分別看一些高、低熱量食物或不是食 物的圖片,用功能性磁振造影(fMRI)觀察腦部變化,同時也詢問他們的看法與抽血檢查。結果他們發現即使在用餐後,高危險群看著高熱量的圖片仍然覺得它 很吸引人,他們的腦部反應也與其他人不同,特別是主管飲食功能的下視丘。

這項研究同樣指出FTO會影響轉錄微RNA的過程,使得微RNA影 響了激素的生成。專業減重醫師Jeremy Korman對此評論說,根據這項實驗結果,未來可以研發控制促食激素的藥劑,但事實上還有其他因素要考慮,比方說腸道會釋出另一種「吃飽了,停止進食」 的激素,因此不能只管控制促食激素。他建議至少多吃蛋白質少吃碳水化合物,以降低饑餓的感覺。他們兩人也都同意像「袖狀胃切除術」(sleeve gastrectomy)也是個辦法,因為它減少了生成促食激素的部位。

袖狀胃切除術
▲經過「袖狀胃切除術」後,胃(本圖上半部)變得很小。(圖片來源: NCBI)

結論

  1. 研究證實父親的飲食習慣會透過精子影響兒輩與孫輩,讓後代容易變胖或其他類似第二型糖尿病的代謝疾病。
  2. 研究說明肥胖基因FTO產生的促食激素,讓人一直想吃東西,它也影響腦部,讓人就算吃飽了,看到高熱量食物還是想咬一口。
  3. 看完這篇文章請不要一拳打在令尊的大肚腩上,他也可能跟你一樣是被害人。

(封面圖片來源: 2013 National Scout jamboree)

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