2012 年 03 月 08 日 泌尿科主任醫師洪峻澤 書田
很多人都深信「水質」是尿路結石的罪魁禍首,這的確是蠻合乎邏輯的思維;但「水質」的範圍太大,水質不好是指細菌、礦物質、重金屬,抑或有毒物質?這些都需再研究才能確定,但若單從「硬水」而言,則硬水是不含增加結石的發生的。
所謂「硬水」是指水中含有碳酸氫鈣或鎂,尤其是碳酸氫鈣,超過一○○ppm(小於五十ppm是軟水,五十至一○○ppm為略硬水)。碳酸氫鈣受熱就變成碳酸鈣,可飄浮在水面或附著在鍋具形成「鍋垢」,因為碳酸氫鈣可藉加熱煮沸來去除,故稱為「暫時硬水」。若是水中含有的鈣、鎂是來自氯化物或硫酸鹽,則無法用煮沸法來排除,稱為「永久硬水」。
一般的飲用硬水多是暫時硬水,煮沸過濾就可排除鈣鹽,但即使末煮沸,其鈣質濃度也是很低的,前述ppm是個很小的單位(ppm, parts per million,百萬分之一濃度,也就是l mg/ml = 1000ppm),普通牛奶的鈣濃度約一○○○至一五○○ppm,所以硬水中所含的一○○ppm鈣,實在是小巫見大巫,礦泉水內的鈣質就更微乎其微了。
「硬水」的壞處主要是工業用途方面;鍋垢是熱的不良導體,會耗費燃料和加熱不均勻,且鹽類離子會產生不必要的化學反應,所以對水質要求較高。
既然喝牛奶不會增加尿路結石,硬水和礦泉水也不會。
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