MRI 在 1970 年代問世,自此成為重要的醫學影像工具。MRI 的原理是,生物組織多由碳氫氧化合物構成,所以其中有很多氫原子,氫原子核會自旋產生磁矩,就像是微小磁粉,當施加一個強力磁場時,組織中的氫原子核的旋轉方向會被磁場統一,就像大磁鐵影響磁粉一樣,而只要受影響的氫原子夠多,它們的共振就可以由天線感測到。
不過傳統 MRI 的解析度也因此有其上限,因為最少要上兆個氫原子,所以解析度最小只能到三百萬分之一公尺,也就是說差不多半個紅血球大小,雖然這對醫學上偵測腫瘤等用途來說已經足夠,但是科學家們一直認為,MRI 還能往奈米級的解析度挑戰。
1993 年,IBM 的物理學家們利用原子力顯微學的原理,打造出第一台奈米等級的 MRI,原理是使用一個微小矽探針,當受檢的檢體受到磁場作用而產生磁共振時,會對矽探針產生些微拉力,之後自旋反轉,磁場反轉,反而產生些微推力,因此矽探針會有來來回回的微震動,用雷射測量這種微振動,就能偵測共振強度。
IBM 稱之為核磁力顯微(magnetic resonance force microscopy, MRFM)此後,IBM 將 MRFM 的解析度推進到 5~10 奈米,使 MRI 進步到能與電子顯微鏡的解析度相提並論,而 MRI 比電子顯微靜更佔優勢的一點是它不需破壞檢體,因此有利於研究如病毒等。
2009 年,IBM 與麻省理工學院(MIT)合作發表論文,以此技術拍下菸草鑲嵌病毒的 MRI 影像。
除了 IBM 與 MIT,其他研究團隊也持續推動奈米級 MRI 的研究,最新發表研究成果的是伊利諾大學厄巴納-香檳分校(University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign),他們一樣使用矽探針,一條只有奈米寬度的細線,包覆在聚苯乙烯之中。研究團隊用一片聚苯乙烯模型作為 MRI 掃描的檢體,成功在奈米級的 MRI 影像上重建了模型的形狀。在解析度方面,目前也是與 IBM 差不多,但研究團隊認為幾年內就可以提升到 1~3 奈米。
(credit: University of Illinois)
但是研究團隊也指出,目前他們所使用的技術,需要將檢體和設備冷凍到極低溫,且檢體需要切片,所以不可能像我們在醫院照的 MRI 一樣用來照活人的身體組織,不過研究團隊說這些困難未來他們都會想辦法一一克服。
(封面圖片: Patrick Gillooly)
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