肥胖的遺傳學研究算是一個熱門的項目,因此常有一些新發現值得大家注意。近來有一項研究成果,明確指出特定一種基因如果發生變異,會造成小鼠體內代 謝作用減緩,脂肪停止燃燒,就算沒有吃多了也一樣會肥。另一項研究則指出肥胖與氣喘呈現高度相關,為氣喘的眾多成因中的肥胖部份,提供更多將來治療的線索。

禁食基因出錯,小鼠變超肥

生物體內有促進飲食的基因, 也就有遏止飲食的基因,後者如果出錯,就一發不可收拾。波士頓兒童醫院研究發現,小鼠身上的Mrap2基因(人類也有)如果產生變異,就算小鼠們吃的一樣 多,有基因變異的小鼠就是會肥。內分泌科主任Joseph Majzoub表示,那些基因變異的小鼠並沒有在燃燒脂肪,就好像是有人下令牠們要留住脂肪一樣,而他們在肥胖人士身上也有類似的變異現象發現。

這項刊登在「科學」期刊的研究顯示,由Mrap2基因產生的蛋白質會刺激腦部受體Mc4r,讓腦部下令降低食慾與增加代謝作用,因此,如果Mrap2基因變異或Mc4r發生變化,就會干擾腦部運作,讓生物容易累積脂肪。

他們將小鼠身上的Mrap2基因全部去除,或是僅去除腦部的部份,發現兩種情形下小鼠的體重都是一般的兩倍,體重成長最多的是前者,而且如果餵牠們高脂食物,胖得更為誇張,公小鼠又比母小鼠胖得多。重點在於,吃得沒有比較多,但是沒有Mrap2基因的小鼠胖得更快。

之後他們在人體身上尋找相關的證據,在500位重度、早發肥胖的患者身上找到四人有相同變異出現。雖然單就這項研究來看,此種變異造成肥胖的比例低於1%,但研究者認為,應該還有其他的基因變異還沒有發現,同時基因變異之間的互動及與環境因素的影響,都會強化肥胖的產生。

肥胖與氣喘高度相關

造成氣喘的原因非常多,除了我們比較熟悉的過敏、遺傳等原因,肥胖也佔了其中一個病因,但或許你會以為人只是因為胖了,肺活量不足所以會(氣)喘。一項刊登在肥胖期刊(Obesity)網路版的研究顯示,肥胖、第二型糖尿病患者與氣喘呈現高度相關,不是因為人胖跑不動的關係。

這項實驗共有22位正常體重及23位肥胖者參加,後者之中有11位另有第二型糖尿病,還有15位BMI 40以上或35以上但有過肥胖相關疾病的病態性肥胖患者。所有的受試者都沒有氣喘,因此實驗的結果格外具有意義。

研究發現有四種與慢性發炎氣喘相關的基因,與肥胖或病態性肥胖有關連,有些關連度超過100%,不出意料地關連度最高的是病態性肥胖患者。這些基因造成白血球製造太多引起發炎的因素,造成支氣管發炎,進而引發氣喘。

科學家也在肥胖血漿中發現兩種高濃度的氣喘相關化合物:MMP-9與NOM。而做過胃繞道手術的病態肥胖糖尿病患者,不但體重減輕,MMP-9、NOM減少、與氣喘相關的基因影響降低,糖尿病的症狀也有改善。

研 究主筆人紐約州立大學水牛城分校博士Paresh Dandona表示,這是第一個從生物與免疫學角度研究肥胖與氣喘的關係,不像過去只是認為肥胖壓縮了肺活量而已。而且更重要的是,確認肥胖、糖尿病與氣 喘之間的高度關連。而下一步的臨床研究將是減重與氣喘的進一步關係。

(圖片來源: Boston Children’s Hospital)

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相關資料

 

想了解更多,您也可以閱讀以下相關的健康世界書籍:
《代謝症候群:三高與肥胖》

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